How old is soyuz

It is a very old basic design, but is notable for low cost and very high reliability, both of which appeal to commercial clients. This included the transfer of supplies, via Progress spacecraft, and crew changeovers.

Now that the Space Shuttle fleet is retired, the American space program is without any means to boost men into orbit, and NASA is entirely dependent on the Soyuz to send crew into space for the immediate future.

The main payload for the Soyuz Rocket is a series of spacecraft initially designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolyov Design Bureau in the s, and still in service today. The first unmanned Soyuz mission was launched November 28, ; the first Soyuz mission with a crew Soyuz 1 was launched April 23, , but the cosmonaut on board, Vladimir Komarov, died during the flight's crash-landing.

Soyuz 2 was an unmanned mission, and Soyuz 3, launched on October 26, , was the first successful Soyuz manned mission. The only other fatal mission, Soyuz 11, killed the crew of three also during re-entry due to premature cabin depressurization.

Despite these early fatalities, Soyuz is presently widely considered the world's safest, most cost-effective human spaceflight system as demonstrated by its unparalleled length of operational history. Soyuz spacecraft were used to carry astronauts to and from Salyut and later Mir Soviet space stations, and are now used for transport to and from the International Space Station ISS. At least one Soyuz spacecraft is docked to ISS at all times for use as an escape craft in the event of an emergency.

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The KURS-NA eliminates any Ukrainian-built components from the system and provides an overall weight reduction while increasing the capabilities of the system. The Electrical Power System of the Soyuz MS is more efficient than its predecessor with high-efficiency solar cells and the thrusters on the exterior of the vehicle are re-arranged to make the system more robust, now capable of tolerating the failure of two thrusters.

To increase the reliability of the spacecraft, a backup drive mechanism is introduced within the docking mechanism. The Orbital Module is located on top of the two other sections of Soyuz.

It is 2. During Ascent, the Orbital module is sealed from the Entry Module by closing and latching the inner hatch. Once in Orbit, the crew opens the hatch and can use the BO, as the Orbital Module is also known, as habitable module. It is used to carry cargo and equipment to space and houses equipment required to allow the crew to live in space. BO contains a toilet and communication equipment.

On the top side of the section is the docking assembly of the Spacecraft that features navigation antenna systems and the actual docking port with docking probe and associated lights and sensors. Also, the docking interface includes electrical and communications systems connectors for power transfer from ISS and communication relay. A side hatch on the module allows crews to enter the capsule at the launch pad and during pre-flight operations. Also, the atmosphere aboard the Soyuz can be topped up with Nitrogen from storage tanks to keep the capsule pressurized.

The Entry Module is located between the two other sections and is 2. The Entry module houses vehicle control systems and crew seats. The crew is isolated in the Entry Module for launch and landing. Three custom made Kazbek Seat Liners are installed inside the Module that are specially made for each individual crew member. The TsVM computer aboard the entry module is the primary flight computer of the Soyuz, replacing the Argon computer used prior to the introduction of the TMA-M version.

TsVM weighs only 8. Additionally, the move of the flight computer from the Service Module to the Entry Module eliminates the need for a separate computer handling entry-related tasks. It is also the prime computer for Launch and Ascent Aborts. The Entry Module has an attitude control system consisting of 8 Hydrogen Peroxide Thrusters for making maneuvers prior and during entry.

In the final moments before landing, the Entry Module separates from its heat shield that is used to protect the vehicle during the re-entry process. This exposes the six Solid-Fueled Soft Landing Engines that are fired just a split second before landing to slow the vehicle down to its final landing speed. A fast-opening parachute system is also installed on the module to support Launch Aborts.

Spacewalkers would exit and ingress through the side hatch. The instrumentation or Service Module is located underneath the other two modules and houses equipment necessary to support the vehicle during its mission. It has a liftoff mass of 2, Kilograms, is 2. A pressurized container includes systems for thermal control, electric power supply, communications, telemetry and navigation. The unpressurized portion of the Instrumentation Modules contains the Main Engine and the liquid-fueled propulsion system.

The Propulsion System is used for attitude control maneuvers, Rendezvous and Orbit Adjustments as well as the deorbit burn. The thruster system, upgraded on Soyuz MS for added redundancy features two independent manifolds and thrusters are installed in pairs so that one operates in primary mode and the other is available as a hot backup.

A total of Kilograms of propellants are carried aboard the SM Tanks. Tank Pressurization is accomplished with high-pressure helium. The Service Module also includes the power generation system consisting of two deployable solar arrays and batteries. On top of the Soyuz Rocket is a Launch Escape Tower that is used for Launch Aborts prior to liftoff and during the first seconds of the flight.